Arm Announces Neoverse V1, N2 Platforms & CPUs, CMN-700 Mesh: More Performance, More Cores, More Flexibility
by Andrei Frumusanu on April 27, 2021 9:00 AM EST- Posted in
- CPUs
- Arm
- Servers
- Infrastructure
- Neoverse N1
- Neoverse V1
- Neoverse N2
- CMN-700
The SVE Factor - More Than Just Vector Size
We’ve talked a lot about SVE (Scalable Vector Extensions) over the past few years, and the new Arm ISA feature has been most known as being employed for the first time in Fujitsu’s A64FX processor core, which now powers the world’s most performance supercomputer.
Traditionally, employing CPU microarchitectures with wider SIMD vector capabilities always came with the caveat that you needed to use a new instruction set to make use of these wider vectors. For example, in the x86 world, we’ve seen the move from 128b (SSE-SSE4.2 & AVX) to 256b (AVX & AVX2) to 512b (AVX512) vectors always be coupled with a need for software to be redesigned and recompiled to make use of newer wider execution capabilities.
SVE on the other hand is hardware vector execution unit width agnostic, meaning that from a software perspective, the programmer doesn’t actually know the length of the vector that the software will end up running at. On the hardware side, CPU designers can implement execution units in 128b increments from 128b to 2048b in width. As noted earlier, the Neoverse N2 uses this smaller implementation of 128b units, while the Neoverse V1 uses 256b implementations.
Generally speaking, the actual execution width of the vector isn’t as important as the total execution width of a microarchitecture, 2x256b isn’t necessarily faster than 4x128b, however it does play a larger role on the software side of things where the same binary and code path can now be deployed to very different target products, which is also very important for Arm and their mobile processor designs.
More important than the actual scalable nature of the vectors in SVE, is the new addition of helper instructions and features such as gather-loads, scatter-stores, per-lane predication, predicate-driven loop control (conditional execution depending on SIMD data), and many other features.
Where these things particularly come into play is for allowing compilers to generate better auto-vectorised code, meaning the compiler would now be capable of emitting SIMD instructions on SVE where previously it wasn’t possible with NEON – regardless of the vector length changes.
Arm here discloses that the performance advantages on auto-vectorizable code can be quite significant. In a 2x128b comparison between the N1 and the N2, we can see around 40th-percentile gains of at least 20% of performance, with some code reaching even much higher gains of up to +90%.
The V1 versus N1 increase being higher comes natural from the fact that the core has double the vector execution capabilities over the N1.
In general, both the N2, but particularly the V1, promise quite large increase in HPC workloads with vector heavy compute characteristics. It’ll definitely be interesting to see how these future designs play out and how SVE auto-vectorisation plays out in more general purpose workloads.
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yeeeeman - Tuesday, April 27, 2021 - link
what about a cortex a55 successor?SarahKerrigan - Tuesday, April 27, 2021 - link
I'd expect to see one next month launching alongside Matterhorn.eastcoast_pete - Tuesday, April 27, 2021 - link
Hi Sarah, can you post any links (including rumors) about that? Given ARM's focus on bigger, high performance-oriented designs, the LITTLE cores haven't gotten a lot of love in recent years. The persistence of the in-order designs for ARM LITTLE cores is one of the reasons why I find the dominance of ARM troubling; that clearly stood still because there is nowhere else to turn to for many, i.e. they didn't have to change it. In x86, at least we have two larger players having their own, yet compatible designs.SarahKerrigan - Tuesday, April 27, 2021 - link
I've seen it reported in a few places, including on RWT which is a pain to search - but since task migration generally requires compatible instruction sets between big and little cores, it's pretty clear that Matterhorn will bring a small, low-power friend when it arrives.Raqia - Tuesday, April 27, 2021 - link
I wonder if they could simply repurpose either a refresh of the A73 or A75 as the little core. Surely with the new fabrication processes available, die area relative to a big Matterhorn core should be comparable to A55 vs A78/X1, but the question becomes performance / energy. Integer performance of A75/73 vs. Ice Storm is comparable with the former winning by a bit in FP, but efficiency is light years apart:https://images.anandtech.com/doci/13614/SPEC-perf-...
https://images.anandtech.com/doci/16192/spec2006_A...
SarahKerrigan - Tuesday, April 27, 2021 - link
I think use of a refreshed A65 without multithreading and with the new ops seems more plausible to me.Raqia - Tuesday, April 27, 2021 - link
That could make sense; there's fairly little information on the micro-architecture of the A65 or A65AE at present except that it does do OoOE, and it's unclear what clocks and efficiency it can achieve as well:https://developer.arm.com/documentation/100439/010...
It does sport a bigger maximum L2 configuration than the A55. They do need to up their game here as the A55 makes a pretty poor showing for efficiency compared to Apple's small core (which got even worse in the A14 generation):
https://images.anandtech.com/doci/14072/SPEC2006ef...
At least wattage and hence current draw is low.
SarahKerrigan - Tuesday, April 27, 2021 - link
A65 is E1, which has had a uarch dive on this site.Raqia - Wednesday, April 28, 2021 - link
Got it, thanks for that! The A65 is interesting, without SMT they are quoting a pretty modest bump in integer performance < 20% at a bit more than half the power of A55 at 7nm:https://images.anandtech.com/doci/13959/07_Infra%2...
https://images.anandtech.com/doci/13959/07_Infra%2...
They could probably tune this to be better without SMT, but are you against having SMT for security reasons?
It's still not close to Apple's small cores in performance, but efficiency might be in the same ballpark now. ARM designs are quite good in terms of PPA but even their performance oriented X1 is likely only 70% the die area as a Firestorm core, and their cache hierarchies are more complex as core designs pull double duty for servers parts too.
It probably made sense to have fewer transistors per CPU core as quite a few Android SoC vendors integrated modems on die, but this may change once Qualcomm digests its Nuvia purchase and move to a smaller node. All parties may hit a wall for per core improvements as slowing SRAM density improvements at new nodes bottleneck what gains are gotten from logic density improvements.
Kangal - Thursday, April 29, 2021 - link
TL;DR - ARM needs to focus on a new product stack. It needs to have a diverse ARMv9 lineup of small, medium, large chipset options. With the small chipset being very scalable down to Tiny IoT Sensor level. Whereas the large chipset being scalable up to large supercomputers and servers. Whilst the medium chipset focusing on phones and tablets. As this covers full SoC, it includes both CPUs and GPUs.Long version:
I know making these architectures is a huge challenge, but ARM has been a little lazy in some scenarios. I know they're basically following the money in the industry, and that means chasing the "phablet" market for CPUs and GPUs. But they've been leaving themselves vulnerable to gaps, in either smaller power or larger power systems, that can be exploited by competitors, such as RISC-V. If not, even x86 might poke some wins here and there.
Ages ago, like 2013, they had the A7 (tiny), A15 (small), and A57 (medium) core designs. Basically covering most bases. Along with the Mali-400 iGPU, and 1GB-2GB Shared-RAM, to do some compute tasks. To say ARM was innovative would be a disservice to the technology they brought forward. That's in contrast to x86 Intel's Atom (small) and Intel's Core-i7Y/M (large), as well as Intel Iris Pro iGPU with 8GB Shared-RAM in systems of the time. Then ARM made the leap into 64bit processing around 2016. The lineup evolved into the A35 (tiny), A53 (small), A73 (medium) core designs, running with 1GB-2GB-4GB sRAM, and used modest G31 (tiny) to G51 (small) to G71 (medium) iGPU options. Again, this lineup was very innovative and impressive. Contrast that to the new x86 competition in AMD's 16nm Vega Large-iGPU, and Zen1 Large-CPU.
However... There hasn't been any upgrades for the "tiny" portfolio, being stuck to the offerings of Cortex A35 CPU and G31 GPU ever since. There has been only a slight refresh to the "small" portfolio, upgrading to the Cortex A55 CPU, and the G52 and G57 iGPUs. To the point that they're a joke, and easily surpassable by the competitors. ARM really needs a revolutionary new design here, it needs to be super-efficient. Perhaps something that can scale between both tiny and small categories: with performance ranging from the A55 (or more) at the "tiny" power-level, to the A73 (or more) at the "small" power-level. Basically catching up to Apple, if unable to surpass them.
Whereas the "medium" portfolio has seen very frequent upgrades, in the CPU-side to the Cortex A75, A76, A77, and A78. In the GPU-side we've seen G72, G76, G77, G78 which have been mostly competitive, surpassing some custom implementations (Samsung/MediaTek) and losing to others (Apple/Qualcomm). Not much needs to change here to be honest. We've also seen the emergence of a new "large" category of ARM processors. Firstly popularised by custom implementations from Apple (A10 and onwards), then Samsung (Mongoose M3, and onwards). Now it's supported officially by ARM in the form of the Cortex A77+ and the Cortex A78X / X1. This has been mostly underwhelming and uncompetitive, with Apple being the only one implementing good designs. There hasn't been any new "large" category for iGPUs from ARM or competitors, with the only Large-iGPU exception actually being inside the Apple Silicon M1. ARM (without counting Apple) needs to do better here, and it looks like ARM might already be focussing here in the future with ARMv9. Again contrast this to the x86 markets offering 7nm Large-CPUs of Zen2 and Zen3, with RDNA-1 and RDNA-2 Large-GPUs.